People often confuse a growth mindset with being flexible or open-minded or with having a positive outlook - qualities they believe they've simply always had. My colleagues and I call this a false growth mindset.
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We say women have made great strides: in biology, in many areas of chemistry, in many places, women are now the majority of medical students. But when I began my career, that wasn't the case. There were very strong stereotypes in biology and medicine.
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When I was in graduate school, I became very interested in why some kids took on challenges and were able to bounce back from setbacks whereas others shy away from difficulty and really crumble when they hit failures. I became fascinated with people who had that kind of courage to take on challenges.
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We want to design interventions to teach people how to harness their considerable willpower.
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You don't know what your abilities are until you make a full commitment to developing them.
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The mindset ideas were developed as a counter to the self-esteem movement of blanketing everyone with praise, whether deserved or not.
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I had the great good fortune of getting my Ph.D. in the very first year that universities were actively seeking women faculty. The government was putting pressure on universities to hire more women.
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Chinese culture is already telling children to work hard. That's not growth mindset because they're working hard for the product, not for the growth or the joy of learning.
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We're not saying people don't need fuel for strenuous work; they just don't need it constantly. People have many more resources at hand than they might think.